Airmanship

elements for the training of new pilots

Authors

  • Erika Juliana Estrada Villa Master's Degree in Operational Safety, Graduate School, Colombian Aerospace Force, FAC, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
  • Gustavo Adolfo Millán Infante Maestría en Seguridad Operacional, Escuela de Postgrados de la FAC, EPFAC, Bogotá, Colômbia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22480/rev.unifa.2025.38.686

Keywords:

Airmanship, aeronautical skills, aeronautical decision making, human factors, safety

Abstract

This article discusses the concept of airmanship, which refers to professionalism or mastery required by flight crews, and which focuses on the correct development of
air operations. The study was carried out through a literature review to know its components and the progress that has been made in the literary production of the theme for the past 22 years. A descriptive study was conducted, and the review followed Okoli's methodology for the management of selected information from multidisciplinary electronic search engines, with the purpose of choosing those documents that could expand knowledge related to airmanship in the Air Force Colombian. In addition, a measurement tool was developed for pilots with little experience
(second lieutenants-lieutenants), in order to know the skills that need to be strengthened, such as
aeronautical decision-making and aeronautical knowledge. Through the review systematic review of the literature and information collected from the pilots who answered the questionnaire, it was possible to present in detail the airmanship model from the perspective of the authors consulted, emphasizing human factors; In addition, the following skills that need to be strengthened in the training of the institution's new pilots, from basic, primary, and recurring flight courses. In this way, the squadrons. They will improve teaching, and this will help prevent any safety events.

Author Biographies

  • Erika Juliana Estrada Villa, Master's Degree in Operational Safety, Graduate School, Colombian Aerospace Force, FAC, Bogotá D.C., Colombia

    Doctorate in Educational Technology from the University of the Balearic Islands, Master's in Educational Computing from the University of La Sabana, Bachelor's in Biology and Chemistry from the University of Caldas. Currently, she works as a teacher and researcher in the Master's program in Operational Safety. Her research focuses on the application of models and technological tools for decision-making in educational and aeronautical environments. She has experience in university teaching and research, with publications in indexed journals and participation in projects aimed at data analysis, research in virtuality, and digital education.

  • Gustavo Adolfo Millán Infante, Maestría en Seguridad Operacional, Escuela de Postgrados de la FAC, EPFAC, Bogotá, Colômbia

    Doctorate in Educational Technology from the University of the Balearic Islands, Master's in Educational Computing from the University of La Sabana, Bachelor's in Biology and Chemistry from the University of Caldas. Currently, she works as a teacher and researcher in the Master's program in Operational Safety. Her research focuses on the application of models and technological tools for decision-making in educational and aeronautical environments. She has experience in university teaching and research, with publications in indexed journals and participation in projects aimed at data analysis, research in virtuality, and digital education.

References

Adang Supriyadi, A., Andi Gani, Y., Domai, T., Gani, C. y Mustopo, W. I. (2016). Airmanship as the ultimate asset of a pilot to acquire flight safety in Indonesia in relation to public policy. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(2), 54-62. https://bit.ly/3LnQSR6

Agencia Europea de Seguridad Aérea y Equipo Europeo de Seguridad de Helicópteros. (2013). Helicopter airmanship. https://bit.ly/3Gdrdr2

Air Training Corps. (2000). Aircraft operation. https://bit.ly/3gxH0Xd

Arévalo Moschella, M. A. (2017). Burnout, engagement y estrategias de regulación emocional cognitiva en pilotos de avión [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Siglo 21]. https://bit.ly/3DzrpkO

Arrabito, G. R., Hou, M., Banbury, S., Martin, B., Ahmad, F. y Fang, S. (2020). A review of human factors research performed from 2014 to 2017 in support of the Royal Canadian Air Force remotely piloted aircraft system project. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2020-0012

Australian Government y Civil Avition Safety Athority. (2017). AC 61-08 Teaching and assessing non-technical skills for single-pilot operations. https://bit.ly/3ye6BOW

Aviators Code Initiative [ACI] (2006). Seek excellence in Airmanship. A AMCC Ib. https://bit.ly/3soQeL4

Ayiei, A., Pollock, L., Khan, F. y Murray, J. (2020). The role of leadership in aviation safety and aircraft airworthiness. Fatigue of Aircraft Structures, 2020(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/fas-2020-0001

Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Bartone, J. V., Krueger, G. P., Sciarretta, A. A. y Johnsen, B. (2019). Human Adaptability for Deep Space Missions: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 15(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1124

Betancourt Mendoza, I. V. (2014). Estudio para la elaboración de la asignatura electiva “Introducción a las Aeronaves”. Ciencias Espaciales, 7(2), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.5377/ce.v7i2.2520

Biala, Ch. (2018). Aircrew Standard Operating Procedures, Gospel or Guidance? Lund Univesity. https://bit.ly/3GTZWex

Broach, D., Schroeder, D. y Gildea, K. (2019). Best practices in pilot selection. Federal Aviation Administration. https://bit.ly/3MoCRD1

Cahill, J., Cullen, P., Anwer, S., Wilson, S. y Gaynor, K. (2021). Pilot Work Related Stress (WRS), effects on wellbeing and mental health and coping methods. The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 31(2), 87-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1858714

Carrick, C. R. (2015). Airmanship in Australian aviation [Tesis de doctorado, University Newcastle]. https://bit.ly/3ItaxgR

Cassens, R., Young, Y. y Greenan, J. (2011). Elements related to teaching pilot’s aeronautical decision making. https://bit.ly/3oYWOXX

Castellón Wong, F. (2008). JAR-FCL4 flight crew licensing (Flight engineers) joint aviation authorities: normas de traducción en textos de aviación: traducción e informe [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica]. https://bit.ly/3LSPsyZ

Civil Aviation Authority [CAA]. (2016). Flightcrew human factors handbook. https://bit.ly/365qSdM

Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand. (2002). Airmanship – Measuring Up. Vector Magazine, 1-21. https://bit.ly/3HWRVps

Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia. (2019). Non-Technical Skills (2. a ed.). https://bit.ly/3CQEnMM

Cortés, A. (2008). CRM Leadership & Followership 2.0. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. https://bit.ly/3OpK5bP

Curtis, M., Harper-Sciarini, M., Jentsch, F., Schuster, D. y Swanson, R. (2007). Filling in the gaps: an investigation of the knowledge needed for effective human-automation interaction. En International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 148-153). Wright State University. https://bit.ly/3vrImLO

Davison, P. (2018). Non-technical skills: the foundation for a fair safety culture. En R. Charles y J. Wilkinson (Eds.), Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors. Instituto Privado de Ergonomía y Factores Humanos. https://bit.ly/3sqja5e

De Simone, M. (2021). El riesgo de la automatización. Lecciones aprendidas de la aviación comercial. Revista de Investigación en Modelos Financieros, 2, 1-17. https://bit.ly/3u5Ji7S

Dias Rouco, J. C., Soares, M. E., Mendes, E. y Jamal, S. (2021). Leadership style and communication style of airline pilots: perceived associations with crew members’ satisfaction and effort. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics and Aerospace, 8(4), 1-26. https://bit.ly/389OIWJ

Doskow, M. G. (2012). Analysis of the Impact of Scenario-Based Training on the Aeronautical Decision Making of Collegiate Flight Students [Tesis de pregrado, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]. https://bit.ly/3JATCcP

Ebbage, L. y Spencer, P. D. (2004). Airmanship Training for Modern Aircrew. En Bae Systems Bristol (United Kingdom) Advanced Technology Centre (pp. 1-12). https://bit.ly/3gqBhTn

European Cockpit Association. (2013). Pilot training compass: back to the future. https://bit.ly/38nk1h2

Fanjoy, R. O. y Keller, J. C. (2013). Flight skill proficiency issues in instrument approach accidents. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 3(1), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.7771/2159-6670.1069

Fields-Spack, R. (2015). Airmanship on the ground: how the aviation industry can fundamentally change the way first responders manage complex emergencies [Tesis de pregrado, Naval Postgraduate School]. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/45185

Flin, R., Martin, L., Goeters, K.-M., Hörmann, H.-J., Amalberti, R., Valot, C. y Nijhuis, H. (2003). Development of the NOTECHS (non-technical skills) system for assessing pilots’ CRM skills. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 3(2), 95-117. https://bit.ly/3vBZj4N

Fontaine, O., Marineli, A. y Mateou, S. (2016). Remote Pilot Aircraft System (RPAS): just culture, human factors and learnt lessons. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 53, 205-210. https://bit.ly/3NJb4yE

Fuerza Aérea Colombiana [FAC]. (2020). Informe de fiabilidad operacional. [Documento interno de la Institución].

Gallosa Flores, C. F. (2020). Capacitación de tripulaciones de la aviación del Ejército y destrezas adquiridas en misiones de vuelo [Tesis de pregrado, Comando de Educación y Doctrina del Ejército Escuela Militar de Chorrillos “Coronel Francisco Bolognesi”].

https://bit.ly/3hf9sh4

García, A. (2019). Integración de instrucción de vuelos para la generación de capacidades en la formación y desarrollo de pilotos militares. Pensamiento Conjunto, 7(1), 24-34. https://bit.ly/3t5kdId

Gimeno Cebrián, J. (2018). Accidentes de aviación. Análisis causal (2012-2016) [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia]. https://bit.ly/3tjbPGp

Haavik, T. K.Kongsvik, T., Bye, R. J., Dalseth Røyrvik, J. O., y Almklov, P. G. (2017). Johnny was here: From airmanship to airlineship. Applied Ergonomics, 59, 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.028

Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C. y Baptista Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6.ª ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://bit.ly/3sH7Ant

Idowu, A. G. (2021). Evaluating human factors in the commercial pilot-airplane airman certification standards. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. https://bit.ly/39ErQ2b

International Atomic Energy Agency. (1992). INSAG-7 The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1. https://bit.ly/33oCXtr

Journé, B., Laroche, H., Bieder, C. y Gilbert, C. (Eds.). (2020). Human and organisational factors. Practices and strategies for a changing word. SpringerOpen. https://bit.ly/3LGI3CO

Kern, T. (1995). Darker shades of blue: a case study of failed leadership. https://bit.ly/3GIYNp7

Kern, T. (2013). Foundations of professional airmanship and flight discipline. Convergent Books. https://amzn.to/3obPs2O

Lamb, T. (2019). The changing face of airmanship and safety culture operating unmanned aircraft systems. En T. Kille, P. Bates y S. Lee (Eds.), Unmanned aerial vehicles in civilian logistics and Supply chain management (pp. 243-265). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7900-7.ch009

Lappas, I. y Kourousis, K. (2016). Anticipating the need for new skills for the future aerospace and aviation professionals. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, 8(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v8i2.616

Martínez, J. L. (2018). Caracterización y comparación del escaneo visual de pilotos expertos y novatos durante un aterrizaje VFR. Ciencia y Poder Aéreo, 13(1) 26-45. https://doi.org/10.18667/cienciaypoderaereo.584

McCullough, D. (2015). Los hermanos Wright. https://bit.ly/3KX4AtL

Melton, W. D. (2013). Situational leadership styles in United States Air Force air traffic control towers [Tesis de maestría, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]. https://bit.ly/3OtVOpH

Misra, S. y Halleran, M. (2019). The effect of electronic flight bags in flight training on preflight skill development and aeronautical decision making. Collegiate Aviation Review International, 37(2), 16-37. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.19.100214

Mohammed, A. y Niphadkar, Ch. (2017). Fostering leadership skills: the case of Ethiopian Airlines. International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 7(2), 50-57. https://bit.ly/3OPkJEn

Modesto, M. (2013). La psicología aeronáutica y su contribución a la seguridad aeroespacial. Revista Argentina de Psicología, 52, 11-29. https://bit.ly/3NLcRTZ

Mohrmann, S. y Stoop, J. (2019). Airmanship 2.0: Innovating aviation human factors forensics to necessarily proactive role. En International Society of Aviation Safety Investigators (ISASI) Annual Seminar 2019. https://bit.ly/3o3rd6C

Molina Moscoso, T. M. (2017). Reglamento que regule el registro, certificación, control y operación del Sistema de Aeronaves no Tripuladas (RPAS-Drones) [Tesis de grado, Universidad Central del Ecuador]. https://bit.ly/3IqV6Gj

Muñoz-Marrón, D. (2018). Factores humanos en aviación: CMR (Crew Resourse Managment - Gestión de recursos de la tripulación). Papeles del Psicólogo, 39(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2018.2870

National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA]. (1986). Investigation of the challenger accident. https://bit.ly/3I30aBy

Némethová, H., Szabo, S. y Rozenberg, R. (2019). Knowledge alliance as education services: updated content of integrated flight preparation and training of pilots. CBU International Conference Proceedings, 527-534. https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v7.1413

Nergård V. (2014). Airmanship - A qualitative approach. Aviation, 18(3), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2014.969882

Nergård, V. (2015). Learning from Experience. Aviation, 18(4), 171-179. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3rHfM5N

Nergård, V., Hatlevik, O. E., Martinussen, M. y Lervåg, A. (2011). An airman's personal attitude: pilots’ point of view/Pilotų požiūris į asmenines piloto savybes. Aviation, 15(4), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2011.651789

Okoli, Ch. (2015). A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 37, 879-910. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03743

Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional [OACI]. (2013). Manual of evidence-based training. https://bit.ly/3Jp81Zv

Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional [OACI]. (2014). Manual on aeroplane upset prevention and recovery training. https://bit.ly/3B74PPn

Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS] (2016). Factores humanos. Serie técnica sobre atención primaria más segura. https://bit.ly/3LCcPg1

Otzen, T. y Manterola, C. (2017). Técnicas de muestreo sobre una población a estudio. International Journal of Morphology, 35(1), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022017000100037

Plachynda, T., Herasymenko, L., Pukhalska, G. y Kryzhevska, K. (2019). Using information communication technologies in professional training of future civil aviation pilots. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 11(2), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/129

Prasad Bastola, D. (2020). The relationship between leadership styles and aviation safety: a study of aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Studies, 11(1), 71-102. https://doi.org/10.38008/jats.v11i1.155

Puentes, A. (2011). The manual flight skill of airline pilots [Tesis de maestría, San Jose State University]. https://bit.ly/38FxqRw

Puncreobutr, V., Mesomsup, W., Harnyoot, S. y Kumar, S. (2018). The airmanship and the commercial pilot competency of the commercial aviation students in Thailand. https://bit.ly/3K0ePNn

Quirino Martins, N. R. (2016). A gestão do conhecimento aeronáutico na Força Aérea. Revista

de Ciencias Militares, 4(2), 245-274. https://bit.ly/3hiMF40

Ramírez Chávez, R. (2015). Capacitación con simuladores de vuelo para pilotos de la Fuerza Aérea en un ambiente de aprendizaje combinado [Tesis de maestría, Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey]. https://bit.ly/3MagaD6

Reason, J. (1997). Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Ashgate.

Reyes Suárez, R. F. (2017). Aprendizaje autónomo como estrategia para el proceso de calificación de pilotos de ala rotatoria del batallón de entrenamiento y reentrenamiento de aviación en Melgar – Colombia [Tesis de grado, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia]. https://bit.ly/3M1cKm7

Roberson, D. L. y Stafford, M. C. (2017). The redesigned air force continuum of learning: rethinking force development for the future. Air University Press. https://bit.ly/3rLLY9h

Salvendy, G. (2012). Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. John Wiley & Sons.

Sánchez, L. M. (2008). Medicina aeroespacial y factores humanos en aviación. La importancia de una aproximación interdisciplinaria a la salud. Revista Med, 16(2), 249-260. https://bit.ly/3uOw7Je

Skorupski, J. y Wiktorowski, M. (2015). The model of a pilot competency as a factor influencing the safety of air traffic. En T. Nowakowski (Ed.), Safety and reliability: methodology and applications (pp. 963-969). Taylor & Francis Group. https://bit.ly/3KK5ASV

St. George, D. P. (2015). Pilot your life decisively for well-being and flourishing [Tesis de maestría, Universidad de Pensilvania]. https://bit.ly/3JAiilQ

Subirats Ferrer, M. (2020). El estrés en el alumno de vuelo [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Oberta de Cataluña]. https://bit.ly/3voA4V9

The Gliding Federation of Australia Inc. (2017). Aerotowing Manual. https://bit.ly/3IgYLqg

U. S. Air Force. (2017). Air Force Handbook I. https://bit.ly/3qPTXlo

Vieria, A. y Dos Santos, I. C. (2010). Communication skills: a mandatory competence for ground and airplane crew to reduce tension in extreme situations. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, 2(3), 361-370. https://bit.ly/377TFPM

Viloria-Escobar, J., Pedraza-Álvarez, L. P., Cuesta-Tamayo, K. y Pérez-Correa, K. (2016). Liderazgo informal en las organizaciones: análisis sobre su impacto e influencia en la productividad y competitividad. Clío América, 10(19), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.21676/23897848.1658

Wen-Chin, L., Harris, D. y Chung-San, S. (2005). The identification of training needs for developing aeronautical decision making training programs for military pilots. En International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 445-450). Wright State University.

https://bit.ly/3v2NTIS

Wen-Chin, L., Li, W.-U., Harris, D. y Hsu, H. S. (2014). The application of aeronautical decision-making support systems for improving pilots' performance in flight operations. Journal of Aeronautics, Astronautics and Aviation, 46(2),114-126. https://bit.ly/3v1bZUm

Wiegmann, D. A. y Shappell, S. A. (2001). Human error perspectives in aviation. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 11(4), 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327108IJAP1104_2

York, G., Butler, J. y Hyer, T. (2016). Motivating students with an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) airmanship and research program. En 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana. American Society for Engineering Education.

https://bit.ly/3HC2Sw0

Downloads

Published

2025-05-13

Issue

Section

Review Articles

How to Cite

Airmanship: elements for the training of new pilots. The Journal of the University of the Air Force , Rio de Janeiro, v. 38, p. 1–22, 2025. DOI: 10.22480/rev.unifa.2025.38.686. Disponível em: https://revistadaunifa.fab.mil.br/index.php/reunifa/article/view/686.. Acesso em: 14 may. 2025.

Similar Articles

1-10 of 432

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.