Programa Starlink na Guerra Russo-Ucraniana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22480/revunifa.2022.35.500Palavras-chave:
Espaço exterior, Guerra Russo-Ucraniana, Poder Aeroespacial Militar, StarlinkResumo
O uso estratégico da constelação de satélites Starlink da SpaceX na Guerra da Ucrânia proporcionou ganhos comparativos às tropas ucranianas em detrimento das russas e chamou a atenção dos chineses, a ponto de se pronunciarem sobre o assunto como uma potencial ameaça à soberania nacional. Diante desse cenário, o objetivo do texto é analisar os impactos do Programa Starlink no cenário de conflito da Guerra Russo-Ucraniana de 2022.
Referências
AEROROZVIDKA. About us. 2022. Disponível em: https://aerorozvidka.xyz/about. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2022.
ATLAMAZOGLOU, S. Military & Defense. Ukraine says Elon Musk’s Starlink has been ‘very effective’ in countering Russia, and China is paying close attention Business Insider, de 13 jun. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.businessinsider.com/china-watching-ukraineuse-elon-musk-starlink-to-counter-russia-2022-6. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2022.
BROWN, T. Ukraine Symposium - The Risk of Commercial Actors in Outer Space Drawing States into Armed Conflict. Lieber Institute West Point, de 8 jul. 2022a. Disponível em: https:// lieber.westpoint.edu/commercial-actors-outerspace-armed-conflict. Acesso em: 28 set. 2022.
BROWN, T. Can Starlink Satellites be Lawfully Targeted? Lieber Institute West Point, de 05 ago. 2022b. Disponível em: https://lieber.westpoint.edu/ can-starlink-satellites-be-lawfully-targeted. Acesso em: 28 set. 2022.
CHEN, S. China military must be able to destroy Elon Musk’s Starlink satellites if they threaten national security: scientists. China. Science. South China Morning Post, de 25 maio 2022. Disponível em: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/ science/article/3178939/china-military-needsdefence-against-potential-starlink-threat. Acesso em: 28 set. 2022.
COMITÊ INTERNACIONAL DA CRUZ VERMELHA. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. Comitê internacional da Cruz Vermelha, Genebra, 2022.Disponível em: https://ihl-databases.icrc. org/ihl/WebART/470-750067. Acesso em: 28 set. 2022.
CORFIELD, G. China must destroy Elon Musk’s satellites with ‘hard kill’ weapon, say academics. The Telegraph, de 27 dez. 2021. Disponível em: https:// www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/12/27/elonmusk-accused-space-warfare-starlink-satellitesnear-miss/?_x_tr_sl&_x_tr_tl&_x_tr_hl. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
COWHIG, D. PRC Defense: Starlink Countermeasures. David Cowhig’s Translation Blog, de 25 maio 2022. Disponível em: https:// gaodawei.wordpress.com/2022/05/25/prc-defensestarlink-countermeasures. Acesso em: 28 set. 2022.
DOLMAN, E. C. Air–space integration. In: OLSEN, J. A. (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Air Power. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. p. 191-202.
DUFFY, K. Elon Musk says SpaceX has sent 15,000 Starlink internet kits to Ukraine over the past 3 months. Business Insider, 06 jun. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-muskspacex-sent-starlink-satellite-internet-terminalsukraine-2022-6. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
FEDOROV, M. @elonmusk, while you try to colonize Mars — Russia try to occupy Ukraine! While your rockets successfully land from space — Russian rockets attack Ukrainian civil people! We ask you to provide Ukraine with Starlink stations and to address sane Russians to stand. Ucrânia, 26 fev. 2022a. Twitter: @FedorovMykhailo. Disponível em: https://twitter.com/ FedorovMykhailo/status/1497543633293266944. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
FEDOROV, M. Starlink — here. Thanks, @ elonmusk. Ucrânia, de 28 fev. 2022b. Twitter: @ FedorovMykhailo. Disponível em: https://twitter.com/ FedorovMykhailo/status/1498392515262746630. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
HARDING, R. C. Space policy in developing countries: the search for security and development on the final frontier. New York, NY: Routledge, 2013. HAYS, P. L. Space and the military. In: COLETTA, D.; PILCH, F. T. Space and Defense Policy. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009. p. 150-201.
LAUSSON, J. Starlink en Ukraine: Elon Musk craint que les paraboles ne deviennent des ciblesmilitaires. Numerama, de 04 mar. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.numerama.com/ tech/873793-starlink-en-ukraine-elon-musk-craintque-les-paraboles-ne-deviennent-des-ciblesmilitaires.html. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
LAXMAN, S. Starlink satellites of SpaceX posing hazard for Isro satellites. Times of India, de 20 fev. 2022. Disponível em: https://timesofindia.indiatimes. com/india/starlink-satellites-of-spacex-posinghazard-for-isro-satellites/articleshow/89692679.cms. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2022.
MISTREANU, S. Elon Musk accused of ‘space warfare’ after Starlink satellites in near miss with China’s space station. The Telegraph, de 27 dez. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/ world-news/2021/12/27/elon-musk-accused-spacewarfare-starlink-satellites-near-miss/?_x_tr_sl&_x_ tr_tl&_x_tr_hl. Acessoem: 19 jun. 2022.
MUSK, E. Important warning: Starlink is the only non-Russian communications system still working in some parts of Ukraine, so probability of being targeted is high. Please use withcaution. Estados Unidos, de 3 mar. 2022. Twitter: @elonmusk. Disponível em: https:// twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1499472139333746691. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
PARKER, C. Specialist Ukrainian drone unit picks off invading Russian forces as they sleep. The Sunday Times, de 18 mar. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ article/specialist-drone-unit-picks-off-invading-forces-asthey-sleep-zlx3dj7bb. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2022.
PEARSON, J. Russia downed satellite internet in Ukraine -Western officials. Reuters, de 10 maio 2022. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-behindcyberattack-against-satellite-internet-modems-ukraineeu-2022-05-10. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
REN, Y. Z.; JIN, S.; LU, Y.; GAO, H.; SUN, S. The Development Status of Starlink and Its Countermeasures. Modern Defense Technology, v. 50, n. 2, 2022. RICQUE, E. Elon Musk porte secours à l’Ukraine par le biais de Starlink. Tom’s Guide, de 27 fev. 2022a. Disponível em: https://www.tomsguide.fr/ elon-musk-porte-secours-a-lukraine-par-le-biaisde-starlink. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
RICQUE, E. Comment Starlink aidel’Ukraine à avancerdanslaguerre?Tom’s Guide, de 06 abr. 2022b. Disponível em: https://www.tomsguide. fr/comment-starlink-aide-lukraine-a-avancerdans-la-guerre. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
SPACEX overview. PITCHBOOK. 2022. Disponível em: https://pitchbook.com/profiles/ company/46488-07#overview. Acesso em: 28 set. 2022.
WALL, M. Russian space chief Dmitry Rogozin apparently threatens Elon Musk. Space.com, 09 mai. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.space.com/russian-space-chiefrogozin-threatens-elon-musk. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2022.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Alexandre Manhães, Gills Vilar-LopesRevista da UNIFA permite que o (s) autor (es) mantenha(m) seus direitos autorais sem restrições. Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) - Revista da UNIFA é regida pela licença CC-BY-NC
