Airmanship
elementos-chave para a formação de novos pilotos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22480/rev.unifa.2025.38.686Palavras-chave:
Airmanship, Competências Aeronáuticas, Conhecimento aeronáutico, Tomada de Decisões Aeronáuticas, Fatores Humanos, SegurançaResumo
Este artigo discute o conceito de aeronavegabilidade, que se refere ao profissionalismo ou domínio exigido pelas tripulações de voo, e que se concentra no desenvolvimento correto de operações aéreas. O estudo foi realizado por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica para conhecer seus componentes e os avanços alcançados na produção literária do tema dos últimos 22 anos. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e a revisão seguiu a metodologia da Okoli para o gerenciamento das informações selecionadas a partir de motores de busca eletrônicos multidisciplinares, com a finalidade de escolher os documentos que poderia ampliar o conhecimento relacionado à aviação na Força Aérea Colombiano. Além disso, uma ferramenta de medição foi desenvolvida para pilotos com pouca experiência (segundo-tenente-tenente), a fim de conhecer as habilidades que precisam ser fortalecidas, tais como: tomada de decisão aeronáutica e conhecimento aeronáutico. Através da revisão sistemática da literatura e informações coletadas dos pilotos que responderam ao Questionário, foi possível apresentar detalhadamente o modelo de aeronavegabilidade sob a perspectiva do autores consultados, enfatizando fatores humanos; Além disso, o seguinte competências que devem ser reforçadas na formação dos novos pilotos da instituição, de cursos de voo básicos, primários e recorrentes. Dessa forma, os esquadrões vão melhorar o ensino, e isso vai ajudar a prevenir qualquer evento de segurança.
Referências
Adang Supriyadi, A., Andi Gani, Y., Domai, T., Gani, C. y Mustopo, W. I. (2016). Airmanship as the ultimate asset of a pilot to acquire flight safety in Indonesia in relation to public policy. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(2), 54-62. https://bit.ly/3LnQSR6
Agencia Europea de Seguridad Aérea y Equipo Europeo de Seguridad de Helicópteros. (2013). Helicopter airmanship. https://bit.ly/3Gdrdr2
Air Training Corps. (2000). Aircraft operation. https://bit.ly/3gxH0Xd
Arévalo Moschella, M. A. (2017). Burnout, engagement y estrategias de regulación emocional cognitiva en pilotos de avión [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Siglo 21]. https://bit.ly/3DzrpkO
Arrabito, G. R., Hou, M., Banbury, S., Martin, B., Ahmad, F. y Fang, S. (2020). A review of human factors research performed from 2014 to 2017 in support of the Royal Canadian Air Force remotely piloted aircraft system project. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2020-0012
Australian Government y Civil Avition Safety Athority. (2017). AC 61-08 Teaching and assessing non-technical skills for single-pilot operations. https://bit.ly/3ye6BOW
Aviators Code Initiative [ACI] (2006). Seek excellence in Airmanship. A AMCC Ib. https://bit.ly/3soQeL4
Ayiei, A., Pollock, L., Khan, F. y Murray, J. (2020). The role of leadership in aviation safety and aircraft airworthiness. Fatigue of Aircraft Structures, 2020(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/fas-2020-0001
Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Bartone, J. V., Krueger, G. P., Sciarretta, A. A. y Johnsen, B. (2019). Human Adaptability for Deep Space Missions: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 15(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1124
Betancourt Mendoza, I. V. (2014). Estudio para la elaboración de la asignatura electiva “Introducción a las Aeronaves”. Ciencias Espaciales, 7(2), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.5377/ce.v7i2.2520
Biala, Ch. (2018). Aircrew Standard Operating Procedures, Gospel or Guidance? Lund Univesity. https://bit.ly/3GTZWex
Broach, D., Schroeder, D. y Gildea, K. (2019). Best practices in pilot selection. Federal Aviation Administration. https://bit.ly/3MoCRD1
Cahill, J., Cullen, P., Anwer, S., Wilson, S. y Gaynor, K. (2021). Pilot Work Related Stress (WRS), effects on wellbeing and mental health and coping methods. The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 31(2), 87-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1858714
Carrick, C. R. (2015). Airmanship in Australian aviation [Tesis de doctorado, University Newcastle]. https://bit.ly/3ItaxgR
Cassens, R., Young, Y. y Greenan, J. (2011). Elements related to teaching pilot’s aeronautical decision making. https://bit.ly/3oYWOXX
Castellón Wong, F. (2008). JAR-FCL4 flight crew licensing (Flight engineers) joint aviation authorities: normas de traducción en textos de aviación: traducción e informe [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica]. https://bit.ly/3LSPsyZ
Civil Aviation Authority [CAA]. (2016). Flightcrew human factors handbook. https://bit.ly/365qSdM
Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand. (2002). Airmanship – Measuring Up. Vector Magazine, 1-21. https://bit.ly/3HWRVps
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia. (2019). Non-Technical Skills (2. a ed.). https://bit.ly/3CQEnMM
Cortés, A. (2008). CRM Leadership & Followership 2.0. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. https://bit.ly/3OpK5bP
Curtis, M., Harper-Sciarini, M., Jentsch, F., Schuster, D. y Swanson, R. (2007). Filling in the gaps: an investigation of the knowledge needed for effective human-automation interaction. En International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 148-153). Wright State University. https://bit.ly/3vrImLO
Davison, P. (2018). Non-technical skills: the foundation for a fair safety culture. En R. Charles y J. Wilkinson (Eds.), Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors. Instituto Privado de Ergonomía y Factores Humanos. https://bit.ly/3sqja5e
De Simone, M. (2021). El riesgo de la automatización. Lecciones aprendidas de la aviación comercial. Revista de Investigación en Modelos Financieros, 2, 1-17. https://bit.ly/3u5Ji7S
Dias Rouco, J. C., Soares, M. E., Mendes, E. y Jamal, S. (2021). Leadership style and communication style of airline pilots: perceived associations with crew members’ satisfaction and effort. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics and Aerospace, 8(4), 1-26. https://bit.ly/389OIWJ
Doskow, M. G. (2012). Analysis of the Impact of Scenario-Based Training on the Aeronautical Decision Making of Collegiate Flight Students [Tesis de pregrado, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]. https://bit.ly/3JATCcP
Ebbage, L. y Spencer, P. D. (2004). Airmanship Training for Modern Aircrew. En Bae Systems Bristol (United Kingdom) Advanced Technology Centre (pp. 1-12). https://bit.ly/3gqBhTn
European Cockpit Association. (2013). Pilot training compass: back to the future. https://bit.ly/38nk1h2
Fanjoy, R. O. y Keller, J. C. (2013). Flight skill proficiency issues in instrument approach accidents. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 3(1), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.7771/2159-6670.1069
Fields-Spack, R. (2015). Airmanship on the ground: how the aviation industry can fundamentally change the way first responders manage complex emergencies [Tesis de pregrado, Naval Postgraduate School]. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/45185
Flin, R., Martin, L., Goeters, K.-M., Hörmann, H.-J., Amalberti, R., Valot, C. y Nijhuis, H. (2003). Development of the NOTECHS (non-technical skills) system for assessing pilots’ CRM skills. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 3(2), 95-117. https://bit.ly/3vBZj4N
Fontaine, O., Marineli, A. y Mateou, S. (2016). Remote Pilot Aircraft System (RPAS): just culture, human factors and learnt lessons. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 53, 205-210. https://bit.ly/3NJb4yE
Fuerza Aérea Colombiana [FAC]. (2020). Informe de fiabilidad operacional. [Documento interno de la Institución].
Gallosa Flores, C. F. (2020). Capacitación de tripulaciones de la aviación del Ejército y destrezas adquiridas en misiones de vuelo [Tesis de pregrado, Comando de Educación y Doctrina del Ejército Escuela Militar de Chorrillos “Coronel Francisco Bolognesi”].
García, A. (2019). Integración de instrucción de vuelos para la generación de capacidades en la formación y desarrollo de pilotos militares. Pensamiento Conjunto, 7(1), 24-34. https://bit.ly/3t5kdId
Gimeno Cebrián, J. (2018). Accidentes de aviación. Análisis causal (2012-2016) [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia]. https://bit.ly/3tjbPGp
Haavik, T. K.Kongsvik, T., Bye, R. J., Dalseth Røyrvik, J. O., y Almklov, P. G. (2017). Johnny was here: From airmanship to airlineship. Applied Ergonomics, 59, 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.028
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C. y Baptista Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6.ª ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://bit.ly/3sH7Ant
Idowu, A. G. (2021). Evaluating human factors in the commercial pilot-airplane airman certification standards. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. https://bit.ly/39ErQ2b
International Atomic Energy Agency. (1992). INSAG-7 The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1. https://bit.ly/33oCXtr
Journé, B., Laroche, H., Bieder, C. y Gilbert, C. (Eds.). (2020). Human and organisational factors. Practices and strategies for a changing word. SpringerOpen. https://bit.ly/3LGI3CO
Kern, T. (1995). Darker shades of blue: a case study of failed leadership. https://bit.ly/3GIYNp7
Kern, T. (2013). Foundations of professional airmanship and flight discipline. Convergent Books. https://amzn.to/3obPs2O
Lamb, T. (2019). The changing face of airmanship and safety culture operating unmanned aircraft systems. En T. Kille, P. Bates y S. Lee (Eds.), Unmanned aerial vehicles in civilian logistics and Supply chain management (pp. 243-265). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7900-7.ch009
Lappas, I. y Kourousis, K. (2016). Anticipating the need for new skills for the future aerospace and aviation professionals. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, 8(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v8i2.616
Martínez, J. L. (2018). Caracterización y comparación del escaneo visual de pilotos expertos y novatos durante un aterrizaje VFR. Ciencia y Poder Aéreo, 13(1) 26-45. https://doi.org/10.18667/cienciaypoderaereo.584
McCullough, D. (2015). Los hermanos Wright. https://bit.ly/3KX4AtL
Melton, W. D. (2013). Situational leadership styles in United States Air Force air traffic control towers [Tesis de maestría, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]. https://bit.ly/3OtVOpH
Misra, S. y Halleran, M. (2019). The effect of electronic flight bags in flight training on preflight skill development and aeronautical decision making. Collegiate Aviation Review International, 37(2), 16-37. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.19.100214
Mohammed, A. y Niphadkar, Ch. (2017). Fostering leadership skills: the case of Ethiopian Airlines. International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 7(2), 50-57. https://bit.ly/3OPkJEn
Modesto, M. (2013). La psicología aeronáutica y su contribución a la seguridad aeroespacial. Revista Argentina de Psicología, 52, 11-29. https://bit.ly/3NLcRTZ
Mohrmann, S. y Stoop, J. (2019). Airmanship 2.0: Innovating aviation human factors forensics to necessarily proactive role. En International Society of Aviation Safety Investigators (ISASI) Annual Seminar 2019. https://bit.ly/3o3rd6C
Molina Moscoso, T. M. (2017). Reglamento que regule el registro, certificación, control y operación del Sistema de Aeronaves no Tripuladas (RPAS-Drones) [Tesis de grado, Universidad Central del Ecuador]. https://bit.ly/3IqV6Gj
Muñoz-Marrón, D. (2018). Factores humanos en aviación: CMR (Crew Resourse Managment - Gestión de recursos de la tripulación). Papeles del Psicólogo, 39(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2018.2870
National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA]. (1986). Investigation of the challenger accident. https://bit.ly/3I30aBy
Némethová, H., Szabo, S. y Rozenberg, R. (2019). Knowledge alliance as education services: updated content of integrated flight preparation and training of pilots. CBU International Conference Proceedings, 527-534. https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v7.1413
Nergård V. (2014). Airmanship - A qualitative approach. Aviation, 18(3), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2014.969882
Nergård, V. (2015). Learning from Experience. Aviation, 18(4), 171-179. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3rHfM5N
Nergård, V., Hatlevik, O. E., Martinussen, M. y Lervåg, A. (2011). An airman's personal attitude: pilots’ point of view/Pilotų požiūris į asmenines piloto savybes. Aviation, 15(4), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2011.651789
Okoli, Ch. (2015). A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 37, 879-910. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03743
Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional [OACI]. (2013). Manual of evidence-based training. https://bit.ly/3Jp81Zv
Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional [OACI]. (2014). Manual on aeroplane upset prevention and recovery training. https://bit.ly/3B74PPn
Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS] (2016). Factores humanos. Serie técnica sobre atención primaria más segura. https://bit.ly/3LCcPg1
Otzen, T. y Manterola, C. (2017). Técnicas de muestreo sobre una población a estudio. International Journal of Morphology, 35(1), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022017000100037
Plachynda, T., Herasymenko, L., Pukhalska, G. y Kryzhevska, K. (2019). Using information communication technologies in professional training of future civil aviation pilots. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 11(2), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/129
Prasad Bastola, D. (2020). The relationship between leadership styles and aviation safety: a study of aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Studies, 11(1), 71-102. https://doi.org/10.38008/jats.v11i1.155
Puentes, A. (2011). The manual flight skill of airline pilots [Tesis de maestría, San Jose State University]. https://bit.ly/38FxqRw
Puncreobutr, V., Mesomsup, W., Harnyoot, S. y Kumar, S. (2018). The airmanship and the commercial pilot competency of the commercial aviation students in Thailand. https://bit.ly/3K0ePNn
Quirino Martins, N. R. (2016). A gestão do conhecimento aeronáutico na Força Aérea. Revista
de Ciencias Militares, 4(2), 245-274. https://bit.ly/3hiMF40
Ramírez Chávez, R. (2015). Capacitación con simuladores de vuelo para pilotos de la Fuerza Aérea en un ambiente de aprendizaje combinado [Tesis de maestría, Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey]. https://bit.ly/3MagaD6
Reason, J. (1997). Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Ashgate.
Reyes Suárez, R. F. (2017). Aprendizaje autónomo como estrategia para el proceso de calificación de pilotos de ala rotatoria del batallón de entrenamiento y reentrenamiento de aviación en Melgar – Colombia [Tesis de grado, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia]. https://bit.ly/3M1cKm7
Roberson, D. L. y Stafford, M. C. (2017). The redesigned air force continuum of learning: rethinking force development for the future. Air University Press. https://bit.ly/3rLLY9h
Salvendy, G. (2012). Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. John Wiley & Sons.
Sánchez, L. M. (2008). Medicina aeroespacial y factores humanos en aviación. La importancia de una aproximación interdisciplinaria a la salud. Revista Med, 16(2), 249-260. https://bit.ly/3uOw7Je
Skorupski, J. y Wiktorowski, M. (2015). The model of a pilot competency as a factor influencing the safety of air traffic. En T. Nowakowski (Ed.), Safety and reliability: methodology and applications (pp. 963-969). Taylor & Francis Group. https://bit.ly/3KK5ASV
St. George, D. P. (2015). Pilot your life decisively for well-being and flourishing [Tesis de maestría, Universidad de Pensilvania]. https://bit.ly/3JAiilQ
Subirats Ferrer, M. (2020). El estrés en el alumno de vuelo [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Oberta de Cataluña]. https://bit.ly/3voA4V9
The Gliding Federation of Australia Inc. (2017). Aerotowing Manual. https://bit.ly/3IgYLqg
U. S. Air Force. (2017). Air Force Handbook I. https://bit.ly/3qPTXlo
Vieria, A. y Dos Santos, I. C. (2010). Communication skills: a mandatory competence for ground and airplane crew to reduce tension in extreme situations. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, 2(3), 361-370. https://bit.ly/377TFPM
Viloria-Escobar, J., Pedraza-Álvarez, L. P., Cuesta-Tamayo, K. y Pérez-Correa, K. (2016). Liderazgo informal en las organizaciones: análisis sobre su impacto e influencia en la productividad y competitividad. Clío América, 10(19), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.21676/23897848.1658
Wen-Chin, L., Harris, D. y Chung-San, S. (2005). The identification of training needs for developing aeronautical decision making training programs for military pilots. En International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 445-450). Wright State University.
Wen-Chin, L., Li, W.-U., Harris, D. y Hsu, H. S. (2014). The application of aeronautical decision-making support systems for improving pilots' performance in flight operations. Journal of Aeronautics, Astronautics and Aviation, 46(2),114-126. https://bit.ly/3v1bZUm
Wiegmann, D. A. y Shappell, S. A. (2001). Human error perspectives in aviation. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 11(4), 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327108IJAP1104_2
York, G., Butler, J. y Hyer, T. (2016). Motivating students with an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) airmanship and research program. En 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana. American Society for Engineering Education.

Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Erika Juliana Estrada Villa, Gustavo Adolfo Millán Infante

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Revista da UNIFA permite que o (s) autor (es) mantenha(m) seus direitos autorais sem restrições. Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) - Revista da UNIFA é regida pela licença CC-BY-NC